Introduction of Programming Languages

Points to be covered in this are as follows:

1.1 Types of Languages

1.2 Evolution of 'C' Language

1.3 Structure of a 'C' Program

1.4 'C' Program Development life cycle

1.5 Executing & Debugging a 'C' Program.

What is Computer?

• A computer is an electronic device that can be instructed to do sequences of arithmetic (+, -, *, /) or logical (&&, ||, !) operations via computer programming.

What is Computer Program?

In simple term computer program is nothing but set of instructions (group of small units of instructions) that computer can compile or interpreter and execute it for the required result.

What is Compiler or Interpreter?

Compiler and Interpreter both are software programs do the same task that is conversion of High-level Languages (Human Understandable) into Machine Level Language (Computer Understandable).

But there is a little bit difference at the time of conversion of HLL into MLL. Compiler take entire program and translates whole into machine language. Whereas Interpreter translates one line at a time. Compiler generates object code interpreter does not generate object code hence it is memory efficient.

Programming Languages uses interpreter are Ruby, JavaScript, Python. Programming Languages uses compiler are C, C++ and Java. 

What is Computer Programming Language?

We all know very well that we use Languages to communicate with each other. So, what if we want to communicate with Computer which is an electronic device so we must communicate in a language which machine understand and as we all know machine understand only low-level language that is 0 and 1. but as a human being it is impossible for all of us to keep that 0 and 1 in mind for communication.

To overcome this limitation here comes a high-level language which human can understand but machine cannot. To make it machine understandable we use compiler and interpreter to convert this HLL into MLL.

Who is Computer Programmer?

Anyone who write set of instructions in high level or Assembly level language to execute specific task. that set of instructions are called as Source code or Program.

Who was the world's first Computer Programmer?

World first computer program written by Lady Ada Lovelace in the year of 1842. Charles Babbage and Ada Lovelace developed the first computer analytical engine. She wrote the first computer program in Ada Programming language. She was English mathematician and writer.

Example: Ada Program to find the Total of two Whole numbers.

Program:

With Gnat.IO; use Gnat.IO;
procedure addtwowholenumber is
    no1 : Integer;
    no2 : Integer;
    Total : Integer;
begin
    Put ("Enter value of no1: ");
    Get (no1);
    Put ("Enter value of no2: ");
    Get (no2);
    Total := no1 + no2;
    Put_Line ("Total= " & integer'image(Total));
end;

Output:

$ gnat make addtwowholenumber.adb
gcc -c addtwowholenumber.adb
gnatbind -x addtwowholenumber.ali
gnatlink addtwowholenumber.ali

$ ./addtwowholenumber

Enter value of no1: 5
Enter value of no2: 4
Total =  9

1.1 Types of Languages

(C, C++, Pascal)

High Level Languages

||

Assembly Level Language

||

Machine Level Language or Low-Level Language

||

Hardware

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DATABASE CONNECTIVITY STEP BY STEP GUIDANCE FOR Beginners....

 

DATABASE CONNECTIVITY

To fetch data from a MySQL database and display it in an HTML table format, you'll need to use a server-side scripting language (such as PHP) to communicate with the database and generate the HTML content. 

Step-by-Step guidance is as follows.

1.      Set Up Your Environment:

Download XAMPP - https://www.apachefriends.org/index.html

2.      Create a Database.

To Create Database: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/how-to-create-a-new-database-in-phpmyadmin/

3.      Server side Scripting Language.

(PHP) Language: We require server side scripting language for following task:

a.       To connect to the database,

b.      To retrieve data from database,

c.       To generate HTML page.

4.      Establish Database Connection.

To establish a MySQL database connection in PHP script you can use mysqli () extension.

<? php

$host = "your_host";  // Replace with your MySQL server hostname

$username = "your_username";  // Replace with your MySQL username

$password = "your_password";  // Replace with your MySQL password

$database = "your_database";  // Replace with your MySQL database name

 

// Create a connection to the MySQL database

$connection = mysqli_connect ($host, $username, $password, $database);

 

// Check the connection

if (!$connection) {

    die("Connection failed: " . mysqli_connect_error());

}

// You now have a valid database connection in the $connection variable.

 

// Perform database operations, queries, etc. here

 

// Close the connection when you're done

mysqli_close ($connection);

?>

 

5.      Query the Database.

Write a query as per the business logic to retrieve the data from database.

$query = "SELECT * FROM your_table_name";

$result = mysqli_query ($connection, $query);

6.      Fetch and Format Data.

Now you can retrieve the data from the result set and format it as HTML. To do this we can use the loop to iterate through the data and prepare the table rows and cells.

echo "<table>";

while ($row = mysqli_fetch_assoc($result)) {

             echo "<tr>";

            echo "<td>" . $row['column1'] . "</td>";

            echo "<td>" . $row['column2'] . "</td>";

            // Add more columns as needed

             echo "</tr>";

}

echo "</table>";

7.      Display in HTML.

You have to embed the PHP code that generates the HTML table in your HTML file. Ensure that the HTML file has a proper file extension like .php

            <!DOCTYPE html>

            <html>

            <head>

                <title>MySQL to HTML Table</title>

            </head>

            <body>

                <?php

                    // Your PHP code here

                ?>

            </body>

            </html>

8.      Style the Table by using a style sheet.

        You can use CSS in your code to make it style better.

9.      Check the data which is displayed on a webpage is valid.

        In the end, you have to check whether the data which are fetching from the table are valid or not.

Pointer to Function Concept in detail with example

 Pointer to Function:

Like built in variables function also contains address.

How to declare function pointer?
return type (*fp)( );  // in this way you have to declare function pointer to hold the address of function.
void add( );

void (*fp) ( );  // declaration of function pointer to hold the address of function add();

fp=add;

so you can call add() function like (*fp)( );

Implement the sample program demonstrating the use of Servlet.

 Example: Create a database table ebookshop (book_id,book_title,book_author,book_price,quantity) using database like oracle/MySQL etc and display (use SQL select query ) the table content using servlet.

Servlet Assignment

Student Management Project using Technologies: Spring MVC, Hibernate, ORM

 Student Management CRUD Operation